Employment

Uber: the need to drive towards greater global regulation

24 May, 2019

The Fair Work Commission considered whether an employee’s dismissal for a parody of enterprise bargaining negotiations was an unfair dismissal in Tracey v BP Refinery (Kwinana) Pty Ltd [2019] FWC 4113.

Background

Mr Tracey was a Process Technician employed by BP from 2012 and at the relevant time was covered by an Enterprise Bargaining agreement. Enterprise bargaining negotiations for a new agreement commenced between BP and the Australian Workers Union (AWU) workforce from June 2017. Negotiations broke down despite facilitated bargaining taking place in the FWC, at which time bargaining participants had been party to confidential information.

In September 2018, Mr Tracey’s wife allegedly created a video titled “Hitler Parody EA Negotiations”, which took footage from a German film recreating the events leading up to Hitler’s downfall, and dubbed it with captions reflecting statements made in the bargaining process. Mr Tracey then shared the video on a private Facebook group made up of fellow employees covered by the agreement, and accessed the video on BP’s computer systems to show other colleagues whilst at work. BP launched an investigation into the creation and dissemination of the video which resulted in Mr Tracey being stood down on full pay until the investigation was complete.

Just for laughs?

In his response to the allegations, Mr Tracey outlined that the video was meant to be humorous, that it did not specifically identify BP or any individual, that he suffered from a mental illness which impacted his judgement and self-restraint, and that he found the BP Code of Conduct and policies unclear (arguing that the policies were too vague and subjective to be enforceable). Notwithstanding, BP found the allegations against Mr Tracey to have been substantiated and summarily dismissed him on the basis of his breach of BP’s Code of Conduct and policies relating to use of BP information.

Mr Tracey argued that he had been unfairly dismissed due to the following:

  • he had not engaged in misconduct in breach of BP’s policies;
  • dismissal in light of his personal circumstances was harsh; and
  • the dismissal was unjust as BP failed to follow its own policies and provide clarification regarding the policies.

BP argued that the dismissal was not harsh, unjust or unreasonable on the basis that the video was inappropriate and offensive, which was a breach of its Respect & Equal Opportunities Policy, and that its dissemination on BP’s computer system also breached BP’s policies. On that basis, and when combined with the fact that the investigation process was procedurally fair, its reasons for terminating Mr Tracey’s employment were valid.

The Fair Work Commission’s Decision

The Commission held that Mr Tracey had been substantially involved in creating and disseminating the video to individuals familiar enough with the negotiations to “draw parallels” to the enterprise bargaining negotiations. Referencing a range of case law wherein parallels were drawn between individuals in the employment context and Nazis, the Commission held the video to have been offensive to a reasonable person. Having regard to his personal circumstances, the Commission held that given Mr Tracey’s unblemished record, they were not satisfied that his mental illness explained his conduct, as it appeared to have been medically managed before the subject incident.

Notably, for employers, Deputy President Binet stated that the evidence indicated that “BP undertook a careful and detailed investigation which provided Mr Tracey with multiple opportunities to respond to the reasons for which he was dismissed and in particular whether the Hitler video was offensive and/or inappropriate.”

In respect of the alleged lack of clarity in the Code of Conduct, the Deputy President noted:

“Codes of Conduct are commonly expressed in general terms. Such is the diversity of human behaviour and the variability of circumstance in which such behaviour might occur that it is almost impossible to codify acceptable behaviour in a documentary form that is not impermeably long and detailed. It is unavoidable that application of Codes of Conduct of any sensible length require the exercise of sensible judgement by those who are required to comply with or enforce such Codes. I am not satisfied that the guidance with respect to acceptable behaviour contained in the Code of Conduct was so lacking that it created a gap in instructions capable of resulting in misapprehension or misunderstanding which made Mr Tracey’s dismiss[al] unjust for that reason.”

The AWU announced last Friday that it would be seeking leave to appeal the decision to the Full Bench of the Fair Work Commission.1 We will keep you informed if the matter is appealed.

In the meantime, the decision has also sparked a range of similar parody videos critiquing the verdict.

When good humour goes bad – tips for employers

Whilst the decision may be the subject of an appeal, it provides insight into how employers should conduct internal investigations and make findings, including those based on breaches of policies and Codes of Conduct.

Firstly, the decision reaffirmed that the appropriate test in determining whether material is offensive or likely to offend is that of an objective reasonable person. Parody often blurs the distinctions between blatantly offensive material and material made for a purely humorous purpose. However, as Deputy President Binet established, labelling material as a parody is not a “get out of jail free card”, likening the situation to racist jokes which “is by name humour but is likely to offend a person of the nationality at which it is aimed”. Accordingly, decision makers in investigations need to bear in mind the reasonable person test when determining whether conduct was offensive, and extensively document their reasoning process and any measures they took to uphold impartiality.

Secondly, the case supports the proposition that Codes of Conduct invariably require general wording to encompass all manners of behaviour. That being said, employers should still ensure that their Codes and policies are as unambiguous as possible, while still being broad enough to cover a range of behaviours.

If you would like any help in drafting or reviewing any policies or a Codes of Conduct or need assistance with an investigation or possible termination of employment, please get in contact with McCabes experienced Employment group.


1 David Marin-Guzman, ‘Downfall Meme Sacking Appealed to Full Bench’, The Australian Financial Review (online), 26 September 2019.

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Litigation and Dispute Resolution

Canadian Court elevates thumbs-up emoji to signature status

In June 2023, a Canadian Court in South-West Terminal Ltd v Achter Land and Cattle Ltd, 2023 SKKB 116, held that the "thumbs-up" emoji carried enough weight to constitute acceptance of contractual terms, analogous to that of a "signature", to establish a legally binding contract.   Facts This case involved a contractual dispute between two parties namely South-West Terminal ("SWT"), a grain and crop inputs company; and Achter Land & Cattle Ltd ("ALC"), a farming corporation. SWT sought to purchase several tonnes of flax at a price of $17 per bushel, and in March 2021, Mr Mickleborough, SWT's Farm Marketing Representative, sent a "blast" text message to several sellers indicating this intention. Following this text message, Mr Mickleborough spoke with Mr Achter, owner of ALC, whereby both parties verbally agreed by phone that ALC would supply 86 metric tonnes of flax to SWT at a price of $17 per bushel, in November 2021. After the phone call, Mr Mickleborough applied his ink signature to the contract, took a photo of it on his mobile phone and texted it to Mr Archter with the text message, "please confirm flax contract". Mr Archter responded by texting back a "thumbs-up" emoji, but ultimately did not deliver the 87 metric tonnes of flax as agreed.   Issues The parties did not dispute the facts, but rather, "disagreed as to whether there was a formal meeting of the minds" and intention to enter into a legally binding agreement. The primary issue that the Court was tasked with deciding was whether Mr Achter's use of the thumbs-up emoji carried the same weight as a signature to signify acceptance of the terms of the alleged contract. Mr Mickleborough put forward the argument that the emoji sent by Mr Achter conveyed acceptance of the terms of the agreement, however Mr Achter disagreed arguing that his use of the emoji was his way of confirming receipt of the text message. By way of affidavit, Mr Achter stated "I deny that he accepted the thumbs-up emoji as a digital signature of the incomplete contract"; and "I did not have time to review the Flax agreement and merely wanted to indicate that I did receive his text message." Consensus Ad Idem In deciding this issue, the Court needed to determine whether there had been a "formal meeting of the minds". At paragraph [18], Justice Keene considered the reasonable bystander test: " The court is to look at “how each party’s conduct would appear to a reasonable person in the position of the other party” (Aga at para 35). The test for agreement to a contract for legal purposes is whether the parties have indicated to the outside world, in the form of the objective reasonable bystander, their intention to contract and the terms of such contract (Aga at para 36). The question is not what the parties subjectively had in mind, but rather whether their conduct was such that a reasonable person would conclude that they had intended to be bound (Aga at para 37)."   Justice Keene considered several factors including: The nature of the business relationship, notably that Mr Achter had a long-standing business relationship with SWT going back to at least 2015 when Mr Mickleborough started with SWT; and   The consistency in the manner by which the parties conducted their business by way of verbal conversation either in person or over the phone to come to an agreement on price and volume of grain, which would be followed by Mr Mickleborough drafting a contract and sending it to Mr Achter. Mr Mickleborough stated, "I have done approximately fifteen to twenty contracts with Achter"; and   The fact that the parties had both clearly understood responses by Mr Achter such as "looks good", "ok" or "yup" to mean confirmation of the contract and "not a mere acknowledgment of the receipt of the contract" by Mr Achter.   Judgment At paragraph [36], Keene J said: "I am satisfied on the balance of probabilities that Chris okayed or approved the contract just like he had done before except this time he used a thumbs-up emoji. In my opinion, when considering all of the circumstances that meant approval of the flax contract and not simply that he had received the contract and was going to think about it. In my view a reasonable bystander knowing all of the background would come to the objective understanding that the parties had reached consensus ad item – a meeting of the minds – just like they had done on numerous other occasions." The court satisfied that the use of the thumbs-up emoji paralleled the prior abbreviated texts that the parties had used to confirm agreement ("looks good", "yup" and "ok"). This approach had become the established way the parties conducted their business relationship.   Significance of the Thumbs-Up Emoji Justice Keene acknowledged the significance of a thumbs-up emoji as something analogous to a signature at paragraph [63]: "This court readily acknowledges that a thumbs-up emoji is a non-traditional means to "sign" a document but nevertheless under these circumstances this was a valid way to convey the two purposes of a "signature" – to identify the signator… and… to convey Achter's acceptance of the flax contract." In support of this, Justice Keene cited the dictionary.com definition of the thumbs-up emoji: "used to express assent, approval or encouragement in digital communications, especially in western cultures", confirming that the thumbs-up emoji is an "action in an electronic form" that can be used to allow express acceptance as contemplated under the Canadian Electronic Information and Documents Act 2000. Justice Keene dismissed the concerns raised by the defence that accepting the thumbs up emoji as a sign of agreement would "open the flood gates" to new interpretations of other emojis, such as the 'fist bump' and 'handshake'. Significantly, the Court held, "I agree this case is novel (at least in Skatchewan), but nevertheless this Court cannot (nor should it) attempt to stem the tide of technology and common usage." Ultimately the Court found in favour of SWT, holding that there was a valid contract between the parties and that the defendant breached by failing to deliver the flax. Keene J made a judgment against ALC for damages in the amount of $82,200.21 payable to SWT plus interest.   What does this mean for Australia? This is a Canadian decision meaning that it is not precedent in Australia. However, an Australian court is well within its rights to consider this judgment when dealing with matters that come before it with similar circumstances. This judgment is a reminder that the common law of contract has and will continue to evolve to meet the everchanging realities and challenges of our day-to-day lives. As time has progressed, we have seen the courts transition from sole acceptance of the traditional "wet ink" signature, to electronic signatures. Electronic signatures are legally recognised in Australia and are provided for by the Electronic Transactions Act 1999 and the Electronic Transactions Regulations 2020. Companies are also now able to execute certain documents via electronic means under s 127 of the Corporations Act. We have also seen the rise of electronic platforms such as "DocuSign" used in commercial relationships to facilitate the efficient signing of contracts. Furthermore, this case highlights how courts will interpret the element of "intention" when determining whether a valid contract has been formed, confirming the long-standing principle that it is to be assessed objectively from the perspective of a reasonable and objective bystander who is aware of all the relevant facts. Overall, this is an interesting development for parties engaging in commerce via electronic means and an important reminder to all to be conscious of the fact that contracts have the potential to be agreed to by use of an emoji in today's digital age.

Published by Foez Dewan
29 August, 2023
Government

Venues NSW ats Kerri Kane: Venues NSW successful in overturning a District Court decision

The McCabes Government team are pleased to have assisted Venues NSW in successfully overturning a District Court decision holding it liable in negligence for injuries sustained by a patron who slipped and fell down a set of steps at a sports stadium; Venues NSW v Kane [2023] NSWCA 192 Principles The NSW Court of Appeal has reaffirmed the principles regarding the interpretation of the matters to be considered under sections5B of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW). There is no obligation in negligence for an occupier to ensure that handrails are applied to all sets of steps in its premises. An occupier will not automatically be liable in negligence if its premises are not compliant with the Building Code of Australia (BCA). Background The plaintiff commenced proceedings in the District Court of NSW against Venues NSW (VNSW) alleging she suffered injuries when she fell down a set of steps at McDonald Jones Stadium in Newcastle on 6 July 2019. The plaintiff attended the Stadium with her husband and friend to watch an NRL rugby league match. It was raining heavily on the day. The plaintiff alleged she slipped and fell while descending a stepped aisle which comprised of concrete steps between rows of seating. The plaintiff sued VNSW in negligence alleging the stepped aisle constituted a "stairwell" under the BCA and therefore ought to have had a handrail. The plaintiff also alleged that the chamfered edge of the steps exceeded the allowed tolerance of 5mm. The Decision at Trial In finding in favour of the plaintiff, Norton DCJ found that: the steps constituted a "stairwell" and therefore were in breach of the BCA due to the absence of a handrail and the presence of a chamfered edge exceeding 5mm in length. even if handrails were not required, the use of them would have been good and reasonable practice given the stadium was open during periods of darkness, inclement weather, and used by a persons of varying levels of physical agility. VNSW ought to have arranged a risk assessment of the entire stadium, particularly the areas which provided access along stepped surfaces. installation of a handrail (or building stairs with the required chamfered edge) would not impose a serious burden on VNSW, even if required on other similar steps. Issues on Appeal VNSW appealed the decision of Norton DCJ. The primary challenge was to the trial judge's finding that VNSW was in breach of its duty of care in failing to install a handrail. In addition, VNSW challenged the findings that the steps met the definition of a 'stairwell' under the BCA as well as the trial judge's assessment of damages. Decision on Appeal The Court of Appeal found that primary judge's finding of breach of duty on the part of VNSW could not stand for multiple reasons, including that it proceeded on an erroneous construction of s5B of the Civil Liability Act 2002 and the obvious nature of the danger presented by the steps. As to the determination of breach of duty, the Court stressed that the trial judge was wrong to proceed on the basis that the Court simply has regard to each of the seven matters raised in ss 5B and 5C of the CLA and then express a conclusion as to breach. Instead, the Court emphasised that s 5B(1)(c) is a gateway, such that a plaintiff who fails to satisfy that provision cannot succeed, with the matters raised in s 5B(2) being mandatory considerations to be borne in mind when determining s 5B(1)(c). Ultimately, regarding the primary question of breach of duty, the Court found that: The stadium contained hazards which were utterly familiar and obvious to any spectator, namely, steps which needed to be navigated to get to and to leave from the tiered seating. While the trial judge considered the mandatory requirements required by s5B(2) of the CLA, those matters are not exhaustive and the trial judge failed to pay proper to attention to the fact that: the stadium had been certified as BCA compliant eight years before the incident; there was no evidence of previous falls resulting in injury despite the stairs being used by millions of spectators over the previous eight years; and the horizontal surfaces of the steps were highly slip resistant when wet. In light of the above, the Court of Appeal did not accept a reasonable person in the position of VNSW would not have installed a handrail along the stepped aisle. The burden of taking the complained of precautions includes to address similar risks of harm throughout the stadium, i.e. installing handrails on the other stepped aisles. This was a mandatory consideration under s5C(a) which was not properly taken into account. As to the question of BCA compliance, the Court of Appeal did not consider it necessary to make a firm conclusion of this issue given it did not find a breach of duty.  The Court did however indicated it did not consider the stepped aisle would constitute a "stairway" under the BCA. The Court of Appeal also found that there was nothing in the trial judge's reasons explicitly connecting the risk assessment she considered VNSW ought to have carried out, with the installation of handrails on any of the aisles in the stadium and therefore could not lead to any findings regarding breach or causation. As to quantum, the Court of Appeal accepted that the trial judge erred in awarding the plaintiff a "buffer" of $10,000 for past economic loss in circumstances where there was no evidence of any loss of income. The Court of Appeal set aside the orders of the District Court and entered judgment for VNSW with costs. Why this case is important? The case confirms there is no obligation in negligence for owners and operators of public or private venues in NSW to have a handrail on every set of steps. It is also a welcome affirmation of the principles surrounding the assessment of breach of duty under s 5B and s 5C of the CLA, particularly in assessing whether precautions are required to be taken in response to hazards which are familiar and obvious to a reasonable person.

Published by Leighton Hawkes
18 August, 2023
Litigation and Dispute Resolution

Expert evidence – The letter of instruction and involvement of lawyers

The recent decision in New Aim Pty Ltd v Leung [2023] FCAFC 67 (New Aim) has provided some useful guidance in relation to briefing experts in litigation.