Employment

Mind over matter: NSW Court of Appeal emphasises lay evidence over expert medical evidence on the question of testamentary capacity

16 September, 2019

The Full Bench of the Fair Work Commission has made an important ruling regarding the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code, confirming that small business employers must give their employees an opportunity to respond to a warning prior to their dismissal. Before we consider that decision, let’s revisit the basics of the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code.

What is the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code?

Introduced on 1 July 2009, the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code (Code) provides small business employers with a process to follow to ensure that the dismissal of an employee is fair.

For the purposes of the Code, a small business is defined as a business that employs fewer than 15 employees. This is calculated on a simple head count of all employees, including casual employees who are employed on a regular and systematic basis. The employees of any associated entities of the employer (including those overseas) must be included in the calculation.

What does the Code say?

The Code differentiates between the following two types of dismissal, and outlines the process that should be followed by a small business employer in each case.

Summary dismissal

A summary dismissal occurs when an employer terminates an employee’s employment without providing notice. The Code stipulates that it is fair to dismiss an employee without notice or warning if the employer believes, on reasonable grounds, that the employee’s conduct is sufficiently serious to justify immediate termination. Under the Code, serious misconduct includes “theft, fraud, violence and serious breaches of occupational health and safety procedures”.

Other dismissal

Where the reason for termination does not warrant summary dismissal, such as a dismissal for poor performance, the employer must first provide a written or verbal warning that the employee is at risk of being dismissed if their conduct or capacity does not improve. The warning should provide a reason – based on the employee’s conduct or capacity to do the job – as to why the employee’s employment is at risk.

More importantly, the employer must also give the employee “an opportunity to respond to the warning and give the employee a reasonable chance to rectify the problem, having regard to the employee’s response”. Rectifying the problem might involve the employer providing additional training or ensuring the employee knows the employer’s job expectations. The case of Adam Miller v Urban Pedaler T/A Urban Pedaler [2018] FWCFC 4166, the details of which are outlined below, provides insight into this particular issue.

When should the Code be used?

A small business employer should reference the Code whenever it is looking to dismiss an employee who has been employed for more than 12 months. The Checklist attached to the Code is a good way for employers to evidence that the Code has been followed.

An employee of a small business cannot make a claim for unfair dismissal in the first 12 months of their employment. Accordingly, a small business employer is not bound to follow the Code when dismissing an employee during the first 12 months of their employment. Small business employers should, however, remain mindful that other claims remain available to an employee dismissed in the first 12 months of their employment and so any dismissal should be considered carefully to ensure it does not constitute ‘adverse action’ or unlawful discrimination.

Adam Miller v Urban Pedaler T/A Urban Pedaler [2018] FWCFB 4166

The appellant, Adam Miller, was employed as a Workshop Manager for Urban Pedaler from 5 September 2016 to 22 November 2017, a period of almost 15 months. At the time of Mr Miller’s dismissal, Urban Pedaler was a small business for the purposes of the Code.

Prior to 16 November 2017, Urban Pedaler sent Mr Miller a series of emails concerning his job performance. In accordance with the Code’s requirement that an employee must “be warned verbally or preferably in writing, that he or she risks being dismissed if there is no improvement”, on 16 November 2017, Urban Pedaler provided Mr Miller with a letter unequivocally advising him that his employment was at risk (Warning Letter). Following the Warning Letter, Mr Miller’s employment was suspended.

On 20 November 2017, Urban Pedaler had a final meeting with Mr Miller to address his poor performance. Soon after, on the 22 November 2017, Mr Miller was given a letter of termination (Termination Letter) that referred only to performance related issues that had been raised by Urban Pedaler in the Warning Letter.

Following his termination, Mr Miller alleged Urban Pedaler failed to abide by the Code, rendering his dismissal unfair.

Decision at First Instance

At first instance, the Commissioner was satisfied that Urban Pedaler had complied with the Code. The Commissioner opined that Mr Miller’s performance issues had been raised with him in writing and that he had been given warnings about his poor performance. As such, he should have reasonably understood the implications of a failure to perform at the standards required. He was, said the Commissioner, “through the consistency of warnings, given an opportunity to show improvement”.

Appeal

Mr Miller appealed the primary Commissioner’s decision on the ground that he was not advised by Urban Pedaler until the Warning Letter that his job was at risk, following which he was not provided with an opportunity to rectify the performance issues.

The Full Bench of the Fair Work Commission (FWC) found in favour of Mr Miller. The Full Bench held that whilst Mr Miller was clearly aware that his poor performance was being scrutinised by Urban Pedaler, he was not told that his employment was at risk if he did not show improvement prior to receiving the Warning Letter. This effectively meant that Mr Miller only had four days to demonstrate improvement before the final meeting which took place on 20 November 2017. This did not provide Mr Miller with a reasonable chance to rectify the performance issues raised in the Warning Letter, particularly given he was suspended from duties at the time.

Accordingly, the Full Bench quashed the primary Commissioner’s decision and determined that Mr Miller’s unfair dismissal application be reheard by the Commissioner on the basis that there were further matters for the Commissioner to consider to determine whether Mr Miller’s dismissal was unfair.

Key take-away for employers

This decision sends a powerful reminder that small business employers must abide by the Code when dismissing employees who have been employed for more than 12 months.

If a small business wishes to terminate an employee’s employment for matters not relating to serious misconduct, it must first provide the employee with a written (preferably) or verbal warning as to why the employee is at risk of being dismissed. The employee must also be given a reasonable chance to rectify their performance – short periods of time, such as four days, will likely be deemed insufficient.

If a small business employer fails to abide by the Code and unfairly dismisses an employee, then the FWC can make orders that include reinstating the employee or ordering the employer to pay compensation to the employee.

published by

Andrew Lacey

Managing Principal

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Litigation and Dispute Resolution

Canadian Court elevates thumbs-up emoji to signature status

In June 2023, a Canadian Court in South-West Terminal Ltd v Achter Land and Cattle Ltd, 2023 SKKB 116, held that the "thumbs-up" emoji carried enough weight to constitute acceptance of contractual terms, analogous to that of a "signature", to establish a legally binding contract. Facts This case involved a contractual dispute between two parties namely South-West Terminal ("SWT"), a grain and crop inputs company; and Achter Land & Cattle Ltd ("ALC"), a farming corporation. SWT sought to purchase several tonnes of flax at a price of $17 per bushel, and in March 2021, Mr Mickleborough, SWT's Farm Marketing Representative, sent a "blast" text message to several sellers indicating this intention. Following this text message, Mr Mickleborough spoke with Mr Achter, owner of ALC, whereby both parties verbally agreed by phone that ALC would supply 86 metric tonnes of flax to SWT at a price of $17 per bushel, in November 2021. After the phone call, Mr Mickleborough applied his ink signature to the contract, took a photo of it on his mobile phone and texted it to Mr Archter with the text message, "please confirm flax contract". Mr Archter responded by texting back a "thumbs-up" emoji, but ultimately did not deliver the 87 metric tonnes of flax as agreed. Issues The parties did not dispute the facts, but rather, "disagreed as to whether there was a formal meeting of the minds" and intention to enter into a legally binding agreement. The primary issue that the Court was tasked with deciding was whether Mr Achter's use of the thumbs-up emoji carried the same weight as a signature to signify acceptance of the terms of the alleged contract. Mr Mickleborough put forward the argument that the emoji sent by Mr Achter conveyed acceptance of the terms of the agreement, however Mr Achter disagreed arguing that his use of the emoji was his way of confirming receipt of the text message. By way of affidavit, Mr Achter stated "I deny that he accepted the thumbs-up emoji as a digital signature of the incomplete contract"; and "I did not have time to review the Flax agreement and merely wanted to indicate that I did receive his text message." Consensus Ad Idem In deciding this issue, the Court needed to determine whether there had been a "formal meeting of the minds". At paragraph [18], Justice Keene considered the reasonable bystander test: " The court is to look at “how each party’s conduct would appear to a reasonable person in the position of the other party” (Aga at para 35). The test for agreement to a contract for legal purposes is whether the parties have indicated to the outside world, in the form of the objective reasonable bystander, their intention to contract and the terms of such contract (Aga at para 36). The question is not what the parties subjectively had in mind, but rather whether their conduct was such that a reasonable person would conclude that they had intended to be bound (Aga at para 37)." Justice Keene considered several factors including: The nature of the business relationship, notably that Mr Achter had a long-standing business relationship with SWT going back to at least 2015 when Mr Mickleborough started with SWT; and The consistency in the manner by which the parties conducted their business by way of verbal conversation either in person or over the phone to come to an agreement on price and volume of grain, which would be followed by Mr Mickleborough drafting a contract and sending it to Mr Achter. Mr Mickleborough stated, "I have done approximately fifteen to twenty contracts with Achter"; and The fact that the parties had both clearly understood responses by Mr Achter such as "looks good", "ok" or "yup" to mean confirmation of the contract and "not a mere acknowledgment of the receipt of the contract" by Mr Achter. Judgment At paragraph [36], Keene J said: "I am satisfied on the balance of probabilities that Chris okayed or approved the contract just like he had done before except this time he used a thumbs-up emoji. In my opinion, when considering all of the circumstances that meant approval of the flax contract and not simply that he had received the contract and was going to think about it. In my view a reasonable bystander knowing all of the background would come to the objective understanding that the parties had reached consensus ad item – a meeting of the minds – just like they had done on numerous other occasions." The court satisfied that the use of the thumbs-up emoji paralleled the prior abbreviated texts that the parties had used to confirm agreement ("looks good", "yup" and "ok"). This approach had become the established way the parties conducted their business relationship. Significance of the Thumbs-Up Emoji Justice Keene acknowledged the significance of a thumbs-up emoji as something analogous to a signature at paragraph [63]: "This court readily acknowledges that a thumbs-up emoji is a non-traditional means to "sign" a document but nevertheless under these circumstances this was a valid way to convey the two purposes of a "signature" – to identify the signator… and… to convey Achter's acceptance of the flax contract." In support of this, Justice Keene cited the dictionary.com definition of the thumbs-up emoji: "used to express assent, approval or encouragement in digital communications, especially in western cultures", confirming that the thumbs-up emoji is an "action in an electronic form" that can be used to allow express acceptance as contemplated under the Canadian Electronic Information and Documents Act 2000. Justice Keene dismissed the concerns raised by the defence that accepting the thumbs up emoji as a sign of agreement would "open the flood gates" to new interpretations of other emojis, such as the 'fist bump' and 'handshake'. Significantly, the Court held, "I agree this case is novel (at least in Skatchewan), but nevertheless this Court cannot (nor should it) attempt to stem the tide of technology and common usage." Ultimately the Court found in favour of SWT, holding that there was a valid contract between the parties and that the defendant breached by failing to deliver the flax. Keene J made a judgment against ALC for damages in the amount of $82,200.21 payable to SWT plus interest. What does this mean for Australia? This is a Canadian decision meaning that it is not precedent in Australia. However, an Australian court is well within its rights to consider this judgment when dealing with matters that come before it with similar circumstances. This judgment is a reminder that the common law of contract has and will continue to evolve to meet the everchanging realities and challenges of our day-to-day lives. As time has progressed, we have seen the courts transition from sole acceptance of the traditional "wet ink" signature, to electronic signatures. Electronic signatures are legally recognised in Australia and are provided for by the Electronic Transactions Act 1999 and the Electronic Transactions Regulations 2020. Companies are also now able to execute certain documents via electronic means under s 127 of the Corporations Act. We have also seen the rise of electronic platforms such as "DocuSign" used in commercial relationships to facilitate the efficient signing of contracts. Furthermore, this case highlights how courts will interpret the element of "intention" when determining whether a valid contract has been formed, confirming the long-standing principle that it is to be assessed objectively from the perspective of a reasonable and objective bystander who is aware of all the relevant facts. Overall, this is an interesting development for parties engaging in commerce via electronic means and an important reminder to all to be conscious of the fact that contracts have the potential to be agreed to by use of an emoji in today's digital age.

Published by Foez Dewan

29 August, 2023

Government

Venues NSW ats Kerri Kane: Venues NSW successful in overturning a District Court decision

The McCabes Government team are pleased to have assisted Venues NSW in successfully overturning a District Court decision holding it liable in negligence for injuries sustained by a patron who slipped and fell down a set of steps at a sports stadium; Venues NSW v Kane [2023] NSWCA 192 Principles The NSW Court of Appeal has reaffirmed the principles regarding the interpretation of the matters to be considered under sections5B of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW). There is no obligation in negligence for an occupier to ensure that handrails are applied to all sets of steps in its premises. An occupier will not automatically be liable in negligence if its premises are not compliant with the Building Code of Australia (BCA). Background The plaintiff commenced proceedings in the District Court of NSW against Venues NSW (VNSW) alleging she suffered injuries when she fell down a set of steps at McDonald Jones Stadium in Newcastle on 6 July 2019. The plaintiff attended the Stadium with her husband and friend to watch an NRL rugby league match. It was raining heavily on the day. The plaintiff alleged she slipped and fell while descending a stepped aisle which comprised of concrete steps between rows of seating. The plaintiff sued VNSW in negligence alleging the stepped aisle constituted a "stairwell" under the BCA and therefore ought to have had a handrail. The plaintiff also alleged that the chamfered edge of the steps exceeded the allowed tolerance of 5mm. The Decision at Trial In finding in favour of the plaintiff, Norton DCJ found that: the steps constituted a "stairwell" and therefore were in breach of the BCA due to the absence of a handrail and the presence of a chamfered edge exceeding 5mm in length. even if handrails were not required, the use of them would have been good and reasonable practice given the stadium was open during periods of darkness, inclement weather, and used by a persons of varying levels of physical agility. VNSW ought to have arranged a risk assessment of the entire stadium, particularly the areas which provided access along stepped surfaces. installation of a handrail (or building stairs with the required chamfered edge) would not impose a serious burden on VNSW, even if required on other similar steps. Issues on Appeal VNSW appealed the decision of Norton DCJ. The primary challenge was to the trial judge's finding that VNSW was in breach of its duty of care in failing to install a handrail. In addition, VNSW challenged the findings that the steps met the definition of a 'stairwell' under the BCA as well as the trial judge's assessment of damages. Decision on Appeal The Court of Appeal found that primary judge's finding of breach of duty on the part of VNSW could not stand for multiple reasons, including that it proceeded on an erroneous construction of s5B of the Civil Liability Act 2002 and the obvious nature of the danger presented by the steps. As to the determination of breach of duty, the Court stressed that the trial judge was wrong to proceed on the basis that the Court simply has regard to each of the seven matters raised in ss 5B and 5C of the CLA and then express a conclusion as to breach. Instead, the Court emphasised that s 5B(1)(c) is a gateway, such that a plaintiff who fails to satisfy that provision cannot succeed, with the matters raised in s 5B(2) being mandatory considerations to be borne in mind when determining s 5B(1)(c). Ultimately, regarding the primary question of breach of duty, the Court found that: The stadium contained hazards which were utterly familiar and obvious to any spectator, namely, steps which needed to be navigated to get to and to leave from the tiered seating. While the trial judge considered the mandatory requirements required by s5B(2) of the CLA, those matters are not exhaustive and the trial judge failed to pay proper to attention to the fact that: the stadium had been certified as BCA compliant eight years before the incident; there was no evidence of previous falls resulting in injury despite the stairs being used by millions of spectators over the previous eight years; and the horizontal surfaces of the steps were highly slip resistant when wet. In light of the above, the Court of Appeal did not accept a reasonable person in the position of VNSW would not have installed a handrail along the stepped aisle. The burden of taking the complained of precautions includes to address similar risks of harm throughout the stadium, i.e. installing handrails on the other stepped aisles. This was a mandatory consideration under s5C(a) which was not properly taken into account. As to the question of BCA compliance, the Court of Appeal did not consider it necessary to make a firm conclusion of this issue given it did not find a breach of duty. The Court did however indicated it did not consider the stepped aisle would constitute a "stairway" under the BCA. The Court of Appeal also found that there was nothing in the trial judge's reasons explicitly connecting the risk assessment she considered VNSW ought to have carried out, with the installation of handrails on any of the aisles in the stadium and therefore could not lead to any findings regarding breach or causation. As to quantum, the Court of Appeal accepted that the trial judge erred in awarding the plaintiff a "buffer" of $10,000 for past economic loss in circumstances where there was no evidence of any loss of income. The Court of Appeal set aside the orders of the District Court and entered judgment for VNSW with costs. Why this case is important? The case confirms there is no obligation in negligence for owners and operators of public or private venues in NSW to have a handrail on every set of steps. It is also a welcome affirmation of the principles surrounding the assessment of breach of duty under s 5B and s 5C of the CLA, particularly in assessing whether precautions are required to be taken in response to hazards which are familiar and obvious to a reasonable person.

Published by Leighton Hawkes

18 August, 2023

Litigation and Dispute Resolution

Expert evidence – The letter of instruction and involvement of lawyers

The recent decision in New Aim Pty Ltd v Leung [2023] FCAFC 67 (New Aim) has provided some useful guidance in relation to briefing experts in litigation.

Published by Justin Pennay

10 August, 2023