Peter Hunt
Consultant
The PIC published its decision in Gibbin v AAI Ltd t/as GIO [2025] NSWPICMP 523 on 1 August 2025.
The Claimant was injured in a motor accident on 21 March 2019 when the vehicle she was driving was struck from behind at 80 kph.
The Insured denied liability for ongoing statutory benefits (and, effectively, for common law damages) on the grounds that the only injuries sustained by the Claimant were threshold injuries.
The threshold injury dispute proceeded to the Commission for assessment. A Medical Assessor subsequently found that the accident caused soft tissue injuries to the cervical spine and left shoulder, which were both threshold injuries.
The Medical Assessor noted a left rotator cuff tear, revealed by an MRI in November 2020, but concluded that the tear was age-related and not caused by the motor accident.
The Claimant successfully applied for referral to the Review Panel.
The Review Panel determined that the motor accident caused a non-threshold injury to the Claimant’s left shoulder for the following reasons:
The Review Panel in Gibbin applied the common law principle that an adverse treatment outcome, even if the result of negligence, is a foreseeable consequence of the original tortfeasor’s negligence in causing the original accident. Only gross negligence breaks the causal chain between the original accident and the adverse treatment outcome.
The Review Panel, therefore, concluded that the motor accident caused the left rotator cuff tear which resulted from the manipulation under anaesthetic designed to alleviate the Claimant’s frozen shoulder. There was no suggestion that the rotator cuff tear was the result of gross negligence. It was a foreseeable risk of the manipulation under anaesthetic.
The Review Panel appears to have overlooked, however, the doubts expressed by the Court of Appeal in Mandoukos v Allianz, at [99], re whether consequential surgery can transform a threshold injury into a non-threshold injury. Our full Case Note on Mandoukos can be found here.
If you would like to discuss this case note, please don’t hesitate to get in touch with CTP Insurance Principal Peter Hunt today.